#HOWTO: HIT WITH A HAMMER. guidance for beginners (or even teapotsš¤·āāļø)
- Daria Scherbakova
- Nov 13, 2019
- 6 min read
Updated: Apr 12, 2020

Comrades!
I do not yet have a single labor movement,
which would be as precisely
and thoroughly
developed in my laboratory as the hitting movement!
- let's get to know the biomechanics a little bit -
Look at these images:

Img. 76. Sequential positions of the right hand with a hammer when chopping with a chisel. The longitudinal axes of the shoulder, forearm and hands are represented by conventionally straight links. White links and hammers are swinging, black - hit. The time interval between adjacent positions is 1/15 sec. Diversionary blow

Img. 77. Sequential positions of the hand with a hammer in case of an incorrect (vertical) impact. The markings are the same as in Img. 76.
After watching pic. 77 and 76, you should have the undoubted impression that the diversionary blow is built easier than the vertical blow.
You can see in both pictures that the hammer is higher in the pitch movement than in the percussion movement. This is the inevitable thing, so the trajectory of the hammer head will always have the same characteristic shape that resembles a fish.
The final velocity of the striker before the impact with the correct movement should be approximately as many meters per second as decimeters long are the striker's stroke length. When you hit with one hand, usually 0.9 of the entire impact speed is at the expense of the muscles, and only about 0.1 - due to the fall of the hammer from a height.
It is obviously more advantageous to structure the movement so that the centre of gravity of the hand rises as little as possible.
The purpose of the impact is to achieve the known speed of the hammer. From this point of view, both the scope and speed of the hand should be as low as possible, as they do not bring immediate benefit. The swing and impact speed of the hammer should be as high as possible, and the recoil speed of the hammer again should not be high.

(Img. 81.) In this picture, pay attention to the huge tails that descend from each trajectory in the moment of impact down. It's a kickback, a hammer that takes off after the blow down. In these cases, not all of the hammer's live force is used to strike; a significant part of it is rebound; this part is the greater the inclination of the hammer's impact direction to the axis with the chisel. All this part is obviously lost on impact; moreover, it still has to be stopped by hand.
Img. 81. Cyclogram of chopping with a chisel. Vertical blow with a great kickback. Filmed by the author in CIT

On this cyclogram there's another superfluous movement here, much more formidable than the one we noticed when the hammer bounced off the chisel. It's a terrible thing because it's seen in all the vertical blows without exception. The hammer starts to gain speed on its impact path, accelerate, only when it starts to move along itself. The conclusion is this: the entire piece of swing associated with the hammer backward and the entire piece of impact movement that brings it back to a reasonable position is an unnecessary loss of time and energy.
Img. 82. Cyclogram of chopping with a chisel.
Vertical blow with exaggerated deep drift of the hammer.
Filmed by the author in CIT.
The swing is done by extension of the shoulder. At the same time, the elbow rotates and bends slightly. Starting from the middle of the swing, the arm starts to brake the hammer which has been thrown backwards elastically. The braking is done by slowly turning on the elbow extensor and the wide back muscle; at the very end of the swing, the tension of the leading muscles of the hand begins. By the end of the impact, the brush makes a sharp throw, consisting of a reduction and a small fraction of the supination. At the same time, the speed acquired by the forearm is slowed down by the elbow bender

Img.84.Skidding of the hand and hammer according to Norms Nos.4,6 and 8.View 1) rear, 2) right.
When the links of the arms begin to brake their flight, when the movement is correct, they are transmitted to the hammer: they brake, but the hammer, on the contrary, accelerates. The most recent period before the impact, which is expressed in the hammer's last and decisive flight, is accompanied by a sharp slowdown in all links of the hand.
And here is the mechanical meaning of everything that happens in the last moments before the impact, which comes down to the fact that all the living force accumulated before with all the links of the hand should be urgently transferred to the hammer.
Sources:
Bernstein N.A.
Biomechanics for instructors
Lecture 10-th
Publishing house: Moscow: New Moscow
Year: 1926
Retrieved from:
Š¢Š¾Š²Š°ŃŠøŃŠø!ŠÆ не ŃŠ°ŃŠæŠ¾Š»Š°Š³Š°Ń ŠæŠ¾ŠŗŠ° ŃŃŠ¾ ни оГним ŃŃŃŠ“Š¾Š²ŃŠ¼ Гвижением, ŠŗŠ¾ŃŠ¾Ńое Š±Ńло Š±Ń ŃŠ°Šŗ же ŃŠ¾Ńно Šø ŠæŠ¾Š“ŃŠ¾Š±Š½Š¾ ŃŠ°Š·ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŠ°Š½Š¾ в моей Š»Š°Š±Š¾ŃŠ°ŃŠ¾ŃŠøŠø, как Гвижение ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ°.
Š ŠøŃ. 76. ŠŠ¾ŃŠ»ŠµŠ“Š¾Š²Š°ŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½ŃŠµ ŠæŠ¾Š»Š¾Š¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŠæŃŠ°Š²Š¾Š¹ ŃŃŠŗŠø Ń Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ¾Š¼ ŠæŃŠø ŃŃŠ±ŠŗŠµ Š·ŃŠ±ŠøŠ»Š¾Š¼. ŠŃŠ¾Š“Š¾Š»ŃŠ½Ńе Š¾ŃŠø ŠæŠ»ŠµŃŠ°, ŠæŃŠµŠ“плеŃŃŃ Šø ŠŗŠøŃŃŠø ŠøŠ·Š¾Š±ŃŠ°Š¶ŠµŠ½Ń ŃŃŠ»Š¾Š²Š½Š¾ ŠæŃŃŠ¼Š¾Š»ŠøŠ½ŠµŠ¹Š½Ńми звенŃŃŠ¼Šø. ŠŠµŠ»Ńе звенŃŃ Šø Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠø ā Š·Š°Š¼Š°Ń , ŃŠµŃŠ½ŃŠµ ā ŃŠ“аŃ. ŠŃомежŃŃŠ¾Šŗ Š²ŃŠµŠ¼ŠµŠ½Šø Š¼ŠµŠ¶Š“Ń ŃŠ¼ŠµŠ¶Š½Ńми ŠæŠ¾Š»Š¾Š¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŃŠ¼Šø ā 1/15 ŃŠµŠŗ.
Š ŠøŃ. 77. ŠŠ¾ŃŠ»ŠµŠ“Š¾Š²Š°ŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½ŃŠµ ŠæŠ¾Š»Š¾Š¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŃŃŠŗŠø Ń Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ¾Š¼ ŠæŃŠø Š½ŠµŠæŃŠ°Š²ŠøŠ»Ńном (веŃŃŠøŠŗŠ°Š»Ńном) ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠµ. ŠŠ±Š¾Š·Š½Š°ŃŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŃŠµ же, ŃŃŠ¾ Šø на ŃŠøŃ. 76.
ŠŠ¾Ńле ŠæŃоŃмоŃŃŠ° ŃŠøŃŃŠ½ŠŗŠ¾Š² 77 Šø 76 Ń Š²Š°Ń Š“Š¾Š»Š¶Š½Š¾ оŃŃŠ°ŃŃŃŃ Š½ŠµŃŠ¾Š¼Š½ŠµŠ½Š½Š¾Šµ Š²ŠæŠµŃŠ°Ńление, ŃŃŠ¾ Š¾ŃŠ²Š¾Š“ной ŃŠ“Š°Ń ŠæŠ¾ŃŃŃŠ¾ŠµŠ½ ŠæŃŠ¾Ńе, нежели ŃŠ“Š°Ń Š²ŠµŃŃŠøŠŗŠ°Š»ŃŠ½ŃŠ¹.
ŠŃ Š²ŠøŠ“ŠøŃŠµ, как на ŃŠ¾Š¼, ŃŠ°Šŗ Šø на Š“ŃŃŠ³Š¾Š¼ ŃŠøŃŃŠ½ŠŗŠµ, ŃŃŠ¾ в Š·Š°Š¼Š°Ńном Гвижении Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾Ńок ŠøŠ“ŠµŃ Š²ŃŃŠµ, ŃŠµŠ¼ в ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ½Š¾Š¼ Гвижении. ŠŃо еŃŃŃ Š²ŠµŃŃ Š½ŠµŠøŠ·Š±ŠµŠ¶Š½Š°Ń, поŃŃŠ¾Š¼Ń Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š“а ŃŃŠ°ŠµŠŗŃŠ¾ŃŠøŃ головки Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾Ńка Š±ŃŠ“ŠµŃ ŠøŠ¼ŠµŃŃ ŃŃ Š¶Šµ Ń Š°ŃŠ°ŠŗŃŠµŃŠ½ŃŃ ŃŠ¾ŃмŃ, напоминаŃŃŃŃ ŃŃŠ±Ń.
ŠŠ¾Š½ŠµŃŠ½Š°Ń ŃŠŗŠ¾ŃоŃŃŃ Š±Š¾Š¹ŠŗŠ° ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ¾Š¼ ŠæŃŠø ŠæŃŠ°Š²ŠøŠ»Ńном Гвижении Голжна ŃŠ¾ŃŃŠ°Š²Š»ŃŃŃ ŠæŃŠøŠ±Š»ŠøŠ·ŠøŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½Š¾ ŃŃŠ¾Š»Ńко меŃŃŠ¾Š² в ŃŠµŠŗŃнГŃ, ŃŠŗŠ¾Š»Ńко Š“ŠµŃŠøŠ¼ŠµŃŃŠ¾Š² ŠøŠ¼ŠµŠµŃ Š² Š“Š»ŠøŠ½Ń ŃŠ°Š·Š¼Š°Ń бойка. ŠŃŠø ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠµ оГной ŃŃŠŗŠ¾Š¹ обŃŃŠ½Š¾ 0,9 Š²ŃŠµŠ¹ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ½Š¾Š¹ ŃŠŗŠ¾ŃоŃŃŠø полŃŃŠ°ŠµŃŃŃ Š·Š° ŃŃŠµŃ мŃŃŃ, Šø ŃŠ¾Š»Ńко, ŠæŃŠøŠ¼ŠµŃно, 0,1 ā Š·Š° ŃŃŠµŃ ŠæŠ°Š“ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° Ń Š²ŃŃŠ¾ŃŃ
ŠŃгоГнее ŃŃŃŠ¾ŠøŃŃ Š“Š²ŠøŠ¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŠµ ŃŠ°Šŗ, ŃŃŠ¾Š±Ń ŃŠµŠ½ŃŃ ŃŃŠ¶ŠµŃŃŠø ŃŃŠŗŠø поГнималŃŃ Š²Š¾Š·Š¼Š¾Š¶Š½Š¾ менŃŃŠµ, а Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾Ńок в ŃŠ¾ же ŃŠ°Š¼Š¾Šµ Š²ŃŠµŠ¼Ń ā ŠŗŠ°Šŗ можно болŃŃŠµ.
ŃŠµŠ»Ń ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ° ŃŠ¾ŃŃŠ¾ŠøŃ в ГоŃŃŠøŠ¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŠø извеŃŃŠ½Š¾Š¹ ŃŠŗŠ¾ŃоŃŃŠø Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ°. Š” ŃŃŠ¾Š¹ ŃŠ¾ŃŠŗŠø Š·ŃŠµŠ½ŠøŃ Šø ŃŠ°Š·Š¼Š°Ń Šø, Šø ŃŠŗŠ¾ŃоŃŃŠø Š“Š²ŠøŠ¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŃŃŠŗŠø Š“Š¾Š»Š¶Š½Ń Š±ŃŃŃ ŠŗŠ°Šŗ можно менŃŃŠµ, ŃŠ°Šŗ как непоŃŃŠµŠ“ŃŃŠ²ŠµŠ½Š½Š¾Š¹ ŠæŠ¾Š»ŃŠ·Ń они не ŠæŃиноŃŃŃ. Š Š°Š·Š¼Š°Ń Šø ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ½Š°Ń ŃŠŗŠ¾ŃоŃŃŃ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° Š“Š¾Š»Š¶Š½Ń Š±ŃŃŃ ŠŗŠ°Šŗ можно болŃŃŠµ.
(ŃŠøŃ. 81.) ŠŠ° ŃŃŠ¾Š¼ ŃŠ½ŠøŠ¼ŠŗŠµ Š¾Š±ŃŠ°ŃŠøŃŠµ внимание на Š¾Š³ŃомнŃе Ń Š²Š¾ŃŃŃ, ŠŗŠ¾ŃŠ¾ŃŃŠµ ŃŠæŃŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŃŃ Š¾Ń ŠŗŠ°Š¶Š“Š¾Š¹ ŃŃŠ°ŠµŠŗŃŠ¾ŃŠøŠø в мгновение ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ° вниз. ŠŃо Š¾ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ°, Š¾ŃŠ»ŠµŃ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»Šµ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ° вниз. Š ŃŃŠøŃ ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ°ŃŃ Š½Šµ вŃŃ Š¶ŠøŠ²Š°Ń ŃŠøŠ»Š° Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° ŠøŃŠæŠ¾Š»ŃŠ·ŃеŃŃŃ Š“Š»Ń ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ°; Š·Š½Š°ŃŠøŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½Š°Ń ŃŠ°ŃŃŃ ŠµŠµ ŠøŠ“ŠµŃ Š½Š° оŃŃŠŗŠ¾Šŗ; ŃŃŠ° ŃŠ°ŃŃŃ ŃŠµŠ¼ болŃŃŠµ, ŃŠµŠ¼ Š·Š½Š°ŃŠøŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½ŠµŠ¹ Š±ŃŠ» наклон Š½Š°ŠæŃŠ°Š²Š»ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ° Šŗ Š¾ŃŠø Š·ŃŠ±ŠøŠ»Š¾Š¼. ŠŃŃ ŃŃŠ° ŃŠ°ŃŃŃ, Š¾ŃŠµŠ²ŠøŠ“но, ŠæŃŠø ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠµ ŃŠµŃŃŠµŃŃŃ; мало ŃŠ¾Š³Š¾, ее ŠµŃе ŠæŃŠøŃ оГиŃŃŃ ŃŠ¾ŃмозиŃŃ ŃŃŠŗŠ¾Š¹.
Š ŠøŃ. 81. Š¦ŠøŠŗŠ»Š¾Š³ŃŠ°Š¼Š¼Š° ŃŃŠ±ŠŗŠø Š·ŃŠ±ŠøŠ»Š¾Š¼. ŠŠµŃŃŠøŠŗŠ°Š»ŃŠ½ŃŠ¹ ŃŠ“Š°Ń Ń Š±Š¾Š»ŃŃŠ¾Š¹ Š¾ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠµŠ¹. ДнŃŃŠ¾ Š°Š²ŃŠ¾Ńом в Š¦ŠŠ¢'е.
Š ŠøŃ. 82. Š¦ŠøŠŗŠ»Š¾Š³ŃŠ°Š¼Š¼Š° ŃŃŠ±ŠŗŠø Š·ŃŠ±ŠøŠ»Š¾Š¼. ŠŠµŃŃŠøŠŗŠ°Š»ŃŠ½ŃŠ¹ ŃŠ“Š°Ń Ń ŠæŃŠµŃŠ²ŠµŠ»ŠøŃŠµŠ½Š½Š¾-Š³Š»ŃŠ±Š¾ŠŗŠøŠ¼ Š·Š°Š½Š¾ŃŠ¾Š¼ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ°. ДнŃŃŠ¾ Š°Š²ŃŠ¾Ńом в Š¦ŠŠ¢'е.
ŠŠ° ŃŃŠ¾Š¹ ŃŠøŠŗŠ»Š¾Š³Ńамме ŃŠŗŃŃŠ²Š°ŠµŃŃŃ ŠµŃŠµ оГно Š»ŠøŃнее Гвижение, Šø ŠæŃŠøŃом Š³Š¾ŃазГо более Š³Ńозное, ŃŠµŠ¼ ŃŠ¾, ŠŗŠ¾ŃŠ¾Ńое Š¼Ń Š·Š°Š¼ŠµŃŠøŠ»Šø ŠæŃŠø оŃŃŠŗŠ¾ŠŗŠµ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° Š¾Ń Š·ŃŠ±ŠøŠ»Š° вниз. ŠŃозное оно ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ¾Š¼Ń, ŃŃŠ¾ Š½Š°Š±Š»ŃŠ“аеŃŃŃ ŃŠ¶Šµ во Š²ŃŠµŃ веŃŃŠøŠŗŠ°Š»ŃнŃŃ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ°Ń без ŠøŃŠŗŠ»ŃŃŠµŠ½ŠøŃ. ŠŠ¾Š»Š¾Ńок Š½Š°ŃŠøŠ½Š°ŠµŃ на ŃŠ²Š¾ŠµŠ¼ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ½Š¾Š¼ ŠæŃŃŠø ŠæŃŠøŠ¾Š±ŃŠµŃŠ°ŃŃ ŃŠŗŠ¾ŃоŃŃŃ, ŃŠ°Š·Š³Š¾Š½ŃŃŃŃŃ, ŃŠ¾Š»Ńко ŃŠ¾Š³Š“а, когГа он Š½Š°ŃŠ½ŠµŃ ГвигаŃŃŃŃ Š²Š“Š¾Š»Ń ŃŠ°Š¼Š¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠµŠ±Ń. ŠŃвоГ ŃŠ°ŠŗŠ¾Š²: веŃŃ ŠŗŃŃŠ¾Šŗ Š·Š°Š¼Š°Ń Š°, ŃŠ²ŃŠ·Š°Š½Š½ŃŠ¹ Ń Š·Š°Š²Š°Š»Š¾Š¼ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° назаГ, Šø веŃŃ ŠŗŃŃŠ¾Šŗ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ½Š¾Š³Š¾ ГвижениŃ, Š²Š¾Š·Š²ŃŠ°ŃаŃŃŠøŠ¹ его Š¾Š±ŃаŃно в ŃŠ°Š·Ńмное положение, ŠæŃŠµŠ“ŃŃŠ°Š²Š»ŃŠµŃ ŃŠ¾Š±Š¾Ń Š½ŠµŠ½ŃŠ¶Š½ŃŃ ŠæŠ¾ŃŠµŃŃ Š²ŃŠµŠ¼ŠµŠ½Šø Šø ŃŠøŠ»Ń.
Š ŠøŃ. 84. ŠŠ°Š½Š¾Ń ŃŃŠŗŠø Šø Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° по Š½Š¾ŃмалŃм āā 4, 6 Šø 8. ŠŠøŠ“ 1) ŃŠ·Š°Š“Šø, 2) ŃŠæŃава.
ŠŠ°Š¼Š°Ń ŃŠ¾Š²ŠµŃŃŠ°ŠµŃŃŃ Ń ŠæŠ¾Š¼Š¾ŃŃŃ ŃŠ°Š·Š³ŠøŠ±Š°Š½ŠøŃ ŠæŠ»ŠµŃŠ°. ŠŠ“Š½Š¾Š²ŃŠµŠ¼ŠµŠ½Š½Š¾ Ń ŃŃŠøŠ¼ ŠæŃŠ¾ŠøŃŃ Š¾Š“ŠøŃ Š²ŃŠ°Ńение Šø ŃŠ¼ŠµŃенное ŃŠ³ŠøŠ±Š°Š½ŠøŠµ локŃŃ. ŠŠ°ŃинаŃ, ŠæŃŠøŠ¼ŠµŃно, Ń ŃŠµŃŠµŠ“ŠøŠ½Ń Š·Š°Š¼Š°Ń Š°, ŃŃŠŗŠ° Š½Š°ŃŠøŠ½Š°ŠµŃ ŃŠæŃŃŠ³Š¾ ŃŠ¾ŃмозиŃŃ ŃŠ°Š·Š»ŠµŃŠµŠ²ŃŠøŠ¹ŃŃ Š½Š°Š·Š°Š“ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠ¾Šŗ. Š¢Š¾ŃŠ¼Š¾Š¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŠµ оŃŃŃŠµŃŃŠ²Š»ŃеŃŃŃ Š¼ŠµŠ“Š»ŠµŠ½Š½ŃŠ¼ вклŃŃŠµŠ½ŠøŠµŠ¼ ŃŠ°Š·Š³ŠøŠ±Š°ŃŠµŠ»Ń Š»Š¾ŠŗŃŃ Šø ŃŠøŃокой мŃŃŃŃ ŃŠæŠøŠ½Ń; в ŃŠ°Š¼Š¾Š¼ ŠŗŠ¾Š½ŃŠµ Š·Š°Š¼Š°Ń Š° Š½Š°ŃŠøŠ½Š°ŠµŃŃŃ Š½Š°ŠæŃŃŠ¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŠµ ŠæŃŠøŠ²Š¾Š“ŃŃŠøŃ мŃŃŃ ŠŗŠøŃŃŠø. РконŃŃ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ° ŠŗŠøŃŃŃ Š“ŠµŠ»Š°ŠµŃ ŃŠµŠ·ŠŗŠøŠ¹ Š±ŃŠ¾Ńок, ŃŠ»Š°Š³Š°ŃŃŠøŠ¹ŃŃ ŠøŠ· ŠæŃŠøŠ²ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ Šø неболŃŃŠ¾Š¹ Голи ŃŃŠæŠøŠ½Š°ŃŠøŠø. Š ŃŠ¾ же Š²ŃŠµŠ¼Ń ŃŠŗŠ¾ŃоŃŃŃ, ŠæŃŠøŠ¾Š±ŃŠµŃŠµŠ½Š½Š°Ń ŠæŃŠµŠ“плеŃŃŠµŠ¼, ŃŠ¾ŃмозиŃŃŃ Ń ŠæŠ¾Š¼Š¾ŃŃŃ ŃŠ³ŠøŠ±Š°ŃŠµŠ»Ń Š»Š¾ŠŗŃŃ.
ŠŠ¾Š³Š“а звенŃŃ ŃŃŠŗŠø Š½Š°ŃŠøŠ½Š°ŃŃ ŃŠ¾ŃмозиŃŃ ŃŠ²Š¾Š¹ полеŃ, ŃŠ¾ ŠæŃŠø ŠæŃŠ°Š²ŠøŠ»Ńном Гвижении Š¶ŠøŠ²Š°Ń ŃŠøŠ»Š° ŠøŃ ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“аеŃŃŃ Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŃ: они ŃŠ¾ŃмозŃŃŃŃ, а Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾Ńок, Š½Š°Š¾Š±Š¾ŃŠ¾Ń, ŃŠ°Š·Š³Š¾Š½ŃеŃŃŃ. Š¢Š¾Ń ŃŠ°Š¼Ńй ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»ŠµŠ“ний ŠæŠµŃŠøŠ¾Š“ ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ¾Š¼, ŠŗŠ¾ŃŠ¾ŃŃŠ¹ вŃŃŠ°Š¶Š°ŠµŃŃŃ Ń Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»ŠµŠ“ним Šø ŃŠµŃŠøŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½ŃŠ¼ ŃŠ°Š·Š»ŠµŃом, Ń Š²ŃŠµŃ Š·Š²ŠµŠ½ŃŠµŠ² ŃŃŠŗŠø ŃŠ¾ŠæŃовожГаеŃŃŃ ŃŠµŠ·ŠŗŠøŠ¼ замеГлением.
Š Š²Š¾Ń Š¼ŠµŃ Š°Š½ŠøŃŠµŃкий ŃŠ¼ŃŃŠ» Š²ŃŠµŠ³Š¾, ŃŃŠ¾ ŠæŃŠ¾ŠøŃŃ Š¾Š“ŠøŃ Š² ŠæŠ¾ŃŠ»ŠµŠ“ние Š¼Š³Š½Š¾Š²ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŃŠ“Š°ŃŠ¾Š¼, Šø ŃŠ²Š¾Š“ŠøŃŃŃ Šŗ ŃŠ¾Š¼Ń, ŃŃŠ¾Š±Ń вŃŃ Š¶ŠøŠ²ŃŃ ŃŠøŠ»Ń, накопленнŃŃ ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“ ŃŃŠøŠ¼ Š²ŃŠµŠ¼Šø звенŃŃŠ¼Šø ŃŃŠŗŠø, ŃŃŠ¾Ńно ŠæŠµŃŠµŠæŃавиŃŃ Š² Š¼Š¾Š»Š¾ŃŠ¾Šŗ.
ŠŠ¾Š¼Š¼ŠµŠ½ŃŠ°ŃŠøŠø